Biblical and Secular Models of Counseling - 1841 Words

Biblical and Secular Models of Counseling Sara Hall Liberty University Biblical and Secular Models of Counseling Deciding how to model your counseling practice is one of the fundamental issues needing to be addressed when a counselor is choosing to begin a successful career as a licensed counselor. There are many different theories, strategies and methods to choose from when developing the foundation of your models, but all must adhere to the ethical standard of behavior set forth by the American Counseling Association. The best way to establish a model of counseling is to compare and contrast several different counseling practices and carefully evaluate their individual methods, goals, premises, strategies and theories. Larry†¦show more content†¦Similarly, in his model of counseling, the Rogerian Theory for counseling promotes the use of empathy and genuineness by the counselor, as well as being a source of encouragement to the counselee (Kensit, 2000). He also recommends the counselor assure the counselee that he is being supported in his efforts, thus creating an acceptable environment that contributes to the well-being of the counselee (Kensit, 2000). In Crabb’s (1977) model for counseling he also strongly stresses the importance of creating an atmosphere of acceptance directed toward the counselee. This would compare to the way the Rogerian Method would explain, concerning the counseling approach, a counselee feeling more open and being more respectful of others when in an environment that includes trust and respect (Kensit, 2000). While these two models appear to envelope many similarities, the differences are monumental in the approach each uses regarding the problem beha vior or a problem thought that needs to be changed. Crabb (1977) expresses, in his text, the central concept behind the biblical counseling model is one of direct, verbal confrontation that provides guidance and instructions on how to change an undesired behavior, feeling or problem. Crabb suggests that once a problem behavior or feeling is identified, you may then proceed to uncover underlying problems and feelings that proceed or accompany the primary problem behavior or feeling. On theShow MoreRelatedEssay about Contrast Effective Biblical Counseling Concepts1412 Words   |  6 PagesIn order for Biblical counseling to be effective, a counselor must be completely prepared to work in the ministry of helping others. Beyond the worldly challenges, a Christian counselor also faces humanistic therapeutic false views of secular therapy. Christian counselors maintain a focal point in guiding people to living a life that is full of spiritual richness and maturity. Yet, secular the rapist focuses on self-gratification and self-actualization. As Christian ministry helpers, you must beRead MoreChristian Counseling and Secular Psychology 1320 Words   |  6 Pages Each Christian counselor must carefully research and develop a counseling model which best aligns with their education level and spiritual beliefs. The following will be a summary of the models of counseling developed by Dr. Crabb and Dr. Hawkins, addressing the strengths and weaknesses of each model. Through this theory critique a Christian counselor should be able to identify and develop a strong foundation for their counseling theory and better serve their clients while maintaining a strongRead MoreIn this compare and contrast paper I will highlight the differences and commonalities1167 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween Larry Crabb’s biblical model of counseling, theories, and techniques of Rodgerian theory called Rodgers’ Client-Centered Therapy (RCCT), Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). All of these theories are a form of psychotherapy. Couselors today use techniques such as pharmacological intervention and cognitive and behavioral therapy. They are not wrong in using these techniques, but rather should seek the Lord and take a biblical approach in therapyRead MoreAdams vs Backus Chapian Essay1257 Words   |  6 PagesUniversity Counseling 507, Theology amp; Spirituality in Counseling Dr. Ben Omungu February 4, 2012 Theory Critique of Adams vs. Backus amp; Chapian: How to help people change by Dr. Jay E. Adams and Telling yourself the truth by Dr. William Backus and Marie Chapian. There are many views held among Christian counselors about how to Scripturally approach changing human behavior. For some who seek to base the motivation for change on Biblical grounds, an approach to counseling is geared towardRead MoreCritique of Crabb Hawkins738 Words   |  3 PagesA Critique of Two Theories Betty Finney Liberty University COUN 507 Summary Dr. Crabb ‘s model integrates theology and psychology and refers to it as, â€Å"Spoiling the Egyptians (Crabb, 1977). His approach geared more to sound biblical principles and doctrine. I researched â€Å"Spoiling the Egyptians†, as to, I was curious about the scripture base. Spoiling the Egyptians refers to Exodus 12:40-42, as God watched over the Israelites as they went through the wildernessRead MoreChristian Counseling: An Overview1470 Words   |  6 PagesBiblical Counseling is making a strong impact in todays churches and community. Counseling is seen as one of the most productive ways of helping a person reach the inner side of themselves to help solve any problems that might be arising. Furthermore, when it comes to being a counselor, not something that should be taken for granted. We are all born of sin, but we have been saved through the grace of Jesus Christ. Not everyone bless to be a counselor, but Dr. Crabbs biblical teaching in ChristianRead MoreFree Essay Is a Scam1711 Words   |  7 Pagestruth cultural mandate multiple perspective and co-operative learning (van leeuwen) Science is not based on faith that physical laws will apply forever ,or in different places in the inverse. Page 67. As ecological findings drove biblical scholars to reread the biblical mandates concerning our environmental stewardship, so recent psychological findings have stimulated new questions among people of faith. One example shows new information about sexual orientation. These findings have prompted someRead MoreTheory Critique1539 Words   |  7 PagesA Critique of Two Theoretical Models: Crabb and Hawkins Amy E. Yesalavich Liberty University COUN 507-B09 Dr. Alan Cheney May 27, 2012 Summary Psychology has been primarily viewed as a methodical system that seeks empirical evidence to explain nature, while theology is often viewed as reasoning based on man’s eternal destiny as discussed in biblical teachings. Falsities are held within both of these historical beliefs. PsychologyRead MoreChristian Counseling : An Interview And Critique2149 Words   |  9 PagesChristian Counseling: An Interview and Critique In today’s society many disorders may arise. Some of these issues include eating disorders, anxiety, gender-identity disorders, depression, addictions, and many others. However, there is another issue that brings individuals in the counseling setting, and that is the issue of sex and sexuality. Issues stemming from sex and sexuality can arise from same-sex attraction, pornography, infidelity, hormonal issues, and/or negative, inadequate beliefs andRead MoreThe Lord Is Perfect, Reviving The Soul1569 Words   |  7 PagesGod be made â€Å"fully known† as the apostle Paul does? How does Caring for the Heart Ministries stack up against what the Bible teaches us about counseling? Counseling is one of the more controversial subjects facing the Christian church today. Why? Formal counseling is rapidly on the rise among twenty-first century Christians. The rise in formal counseling corresponds with our societies increasing struggle with depression. Gallup reports that 10 percent of all americans have or are struggling with

Analysis Of Khaled Hosseinis The Kite Runner - 881 Words

In the novel ,The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, the main character Amir is a coward. Amir lives in Kabul, Afghanistan. His best friend Hassan lives with him and is his best friend. In reality Amir is Hassan’s owner. Baba adopted Hassan when he was a baby and he became their servant. Amir becomes very jealous of him and then becomes a coward. Amir was so jealous of Hassan that he even wanted a scar,â€Å"I wished I too had a scar that would beget Baba’s sympathy. It wasn’t fair.† (Hosseini, p 50) This quote shows Amir is jealous of Hassan. The scar was really a birth mark and it showed that they are connected. â€Å"Except Baba stunned me by saying, ‘I forgive you’† (Hosseini 112) Baba is a strict person. He doesn’t want anyone to do something†¦show more content†¦He leaves Hassan behind even though he knows that Hassan will be hit by Assef. He claims he was frightened to be hurt by Assef. He is such a coward that he betray his best friend, the person who protects him. â€Å"You’re a coward! † I said. â€Å"Nothing but a goddam coward! † (Hosseini, p. 98) This quotes from when Amir throws a fruit to Hassan. He is talking to Hassan and also himself. Hassan is a coward because he does not fight back to Amir. Amir is a coward because he runs away when Hassan is being raped by Assef. He cannot face Hassan again because he will remember the time he ran away and leaves Hassan behind him. He’s hoping when he throws the fruit at Hassan that it will make him angry and fight back. Instead it only makes Amir feel less guilty. Finally, he is ashamed of himself so that he wants to kick Hassan out of the family so he can have an easy life. â€Å"Baba, have you ever thought about getting new servants. † (Hosseini, p95) Amir feels bad when Hassan comes and asks him to go out and have fun, he doesn’t understand why Hassan still wants to hang out. He decides to ask his father about changing to new servants. If Baba agrees, it’ll better his life from now and in the future but unfortunately, baba does not agree with that and starts yelling at Amir that he will not change anyone. He has to live guilty with Hassan. â€Å"Either way, this much had become clear: One of us had to go†. (Hosseini 108) From this point, he cannot suffer the feeling of beingShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Khaled Hosseinis The Kite Runner1697 Words   |  7 Pagesstated that what happens in the course of a day has the power to change the rest of our lives forever. This passage exemplifies how monumental our actions are and how one seemingly small action has the power to change our lives. In Khaled Hosseinis The Kite Runner, it is suggested that individuals can atone for the bad things they have done in their past: consequently, we explore the idea that taking responsibility for past actions is only possible if the person who seeks redemption first admitsRead MoreAnalysis Of Khaled Hosseinis The Kite Runner 1763 Words   |  8 Pagesopportunity to reside in the United States of America and pursue the American dream, it is evident that the land of the free and home of the brave emblematizes a meaning which extends greater than the breadth of newfound wealth. In Khaled Hosseini’s novel â€Å"The Kite Runner,† the main character Amir, the son of a wealthy, altruistic, and respected merchant, spends his childhood seeking for acceptance with his father, and through this process, narcissism voraciously ravages Amir’s thoughts leading himRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The Kite Runner1090 Words   |  5 Pages– H 31 October 2017 Consequences of War: A Critical Analysis of the Kite Runner On a day to day basis, an individual is faced with an obstacle they must overcome, ultimately defining their morals and values. In the literature perspective, the novel The Kite Runner delivers multiple thematic ideas that portray the struggles of characters in their ordinary lives. Khaled Hosseini, author and physician, released his debut novel The Kite Runner in the year of 2003. This novel is written in the firstRead MoreSymbolism Of Kite Running By Khaled Hosseini1243 Words   |  5 PagesKali Denney Mr. Snyder AP Literature and Composition 11 December 2015 Symbolism of Kite Running In this essay the book being discussed is, Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini. Khaled Hosseini’s biography will be discussed as well as the historical influences upon him that affect the novel as a whole. The essay will contain a critical analysis as well as an analysis of the critical response to the work by others. In the novel and now a grown man, the main character Amir recalls events in his childhoodRead MoreThe Kite Runner: Forgiveness, Loyalty, and the Quest for Redemption2381 Words   |  10 PagesThe Kite Runner: Forgiveness, Loyalty, and the Quest for Redemption Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner is an award-winning novel and considered one of today’s most popular, contemporary classics. The story is one of familiar themes such as loyalty, forgiveness, betrayal, love, and redemption. It follows the tale of Amir and how he must atone for his sins and find a way to â€Å"be good again† (Hosseini 2). The quintessential message of this book relies on the idea of second chances. Themes of redemptionRead MoreHow does Hosseini tell the story of the kite runner in chapter 1?942 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿How does Hosseini tell the story of the Kite Runner in chapter 1? Khaled Hosseini uses a veritable smorgasbord of literary and narrative techniques to tell the story of ‘The Kite Runner’. From engaging in the use of foreshadowing and symbolism, to characterisation and the way he styles his prose. Below is an analysis of how he does so. As mentioned, Hosseini’s use of foreshadowing almost encapsulates the chapter. Baba states that â€Å"God [should] help us all†, anticipating the Talibans takeoverRead More Differences that Divide Essay1201 Words   |  5 Pagessociety into more easily understood â€Å"black and white† groups. In Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner, the characters, representative of the surrounding cultures portrayed, frequently participate in acts of inclusion and exclusion on the basis of ethnicity, religion, and lifestyle as a means of dividing the population into clearly defined, mutually exclusive groups. This underlying expression of discrimination serves as a modern critical analysis against society’s prevalent tenets of inequality. The firstRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Kite Runner 1229 Words   |  5 PagesShyanne Nobles Ms. Mastrokyriakos English 4A Literary Analysis on â€Å"The Kite Runner† Edward Michael a British adventurer, writer and television presenter of Man vs. Wild always says â€Å"survival can be summed up in three words - never give up. That’s the heart of it really. Just keep trying†. The Kite Runner is a fictional book with a heartbreaking plot and struggling characters that are easily sympathetic to the readers. An Afghani child that has to make life changing decisions at such a young ageRead MoreBelonging Romulus, My Father and the Kite Runner Essay1189 Words   |  5 Pageswe all strive to belong is true, however it may take time to belong to a certain person, place, group, community or even the larger world. This issue is explored in Raimond Gaita’s biographical memoir Romulus, My Father and Khaled Hosseini’s confronting novel The Kite Runner. Throughout these texts, the themes of personal relationships, migrant experience and morals and values arise from the concept of belonging and are explored through the use of languag e devices. In Romulus, My Father, RaimondRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini2301 Words   |  10 PagesSummary The novel The Kite Runner, written by Khaled Hosseini, is the story of a young, upper class boy by the name of Amir and his friend, a lower class boy named Hassan. While Amir is a Pashtun and a Sunni Muslim, Hassan is a Hazara and a Shi’a muslim, which causes the main conflict between the two. Amir and Hassan learn more and more about their social status, as well as their personal friendships and problems as they grow up in Afghanistan. Analysis of the Majour Themes and Conflicts

Fiar Lawrence’s Part in Romeo and Juliet Free Essays

In the well known play, Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare, many tragedies occur. Friar Lawrence plays an important part in shaping the play and maintaining the interest of the audience. Moreover, Friar Lawrence makes actions, decisions, and options that lead on making a huge impact, in the lives of Romeo and Juliet in the play. We will write a custom essay sample on Fiar Lawrence’s Part in Romeo and Juliet or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the play, Romeo and Juliet, Friar Lawrence makes a huge impact on Romeo and Juliet, by deciding to marry them.He wanted to make a positive impact in the lives of the Capulet’s and the Montague’s, â€Å"†¦ In one respect I’ll thy assist be, for this alliance may so happy prove Toil turn your household’s rancor to pure love† ( I, iii, 88-92 ). Furthermore, the second mistake happens in the beginning of the play,† Come, come with me, and we will make short work; for, by your leaves, you shall not stay alone Till Holly Church incorporate in one† ( II, VI, 35-37).Friar Lawrence makes a crucial mistake when he arranges a secret marriage ceremony for Romeo and Juliet. Consequently, Friar Lawrence’s decisions affect him; by leading him to a certain punishment and to guilt, â€Å"†¦ And lead you even to death†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( V, IV, 31-37 ). The Prince tells Friar Lawrence that the decision he made can lead him to death. In addition, Friar Lawrence also receives the punishment of guilt, â€Å"†¦ And here I stand, both to impeach and purge, Myself condemned and myself excused ( V, IV, 238-24 ).Thus, the decisions he made lead him to deadly consequences. Furthermore, the decision Friar Lawrence made; which was marrying Romeo and Julie to unite the Montagues and Capulets was bad. This was a bad decision because this lead to the suffering of Romeo and Juliet, â€Å"†¦ For never was a story more of woe Than this of Juliet and her Romeo† ( V, V, 321-326 ). Even so, his bad decision also lead to deaths, â€Å"†¦ For here Juliet, and her beauty makes This vautl a feasting presence full of light.Death, lie thou there, by a dead man interred†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( V, IV, 82-130 ). Therefore, his bad decision lead to Romeo’s and Juliet’s death. Additionally, there are times when interventions by other characters change the course of the play. Friar Lawrence’s decisions contributed to the tragedy at the end of the play of Shakespeare. Therefore, Friar Lawrence made a huge impact in the course of the play; by making the play a tragedy. How to cite Fiar Lawrence’s Part in Romeo and Juliet, Papers

Integrated Engineering Change Management Process

Question: Discuss about the Integrated Engineering Change Management Process. Answer: Introduction Understanding theory of change should raise a great concern to every administrator in an organization; management should, therefore, be perceptive of every change that comes amidst the day to day running of the firm. Schneider, Ehrhart and Macey (2013) points out that such alteration might involve any phase of the company from the organizational, administrative structure to technological advancement. Severe consequences may occur for instance if measures are not taken by the administrators before the introduction of various changes within a company, for example, the rationale behind departmentalization or the duty roster compilation and execution. Therefore if these kinds of changes are not well managed, tussles could arise between the employees and the top management. It is because of such activities within organizations that Walter, Cole, and Humphrey (2017) define change management theory as any transition used by teams or organizations to redirect the modes of operation like budget allocation and business processes in a bid to reshape the company significantly. According to this author, change management theory involves crystallizing current ideas, behavior patterns, and methodologies as per what is workable in the organization. The approaches help members and administration of the firm to understand the course of change processes and the measures that can be taken to ensure the implementation of such changes. Various scholars have coined different change management theory models to try to explain why and how change can be implemented both in the public and the private sector organizations. Contrary to strategies of change, these models, act as guides to the fundamental alterations that are necessary for a company. According to Parke (2017), th e term model is just but a pack of assumptions that when put together may turn into reality. He goes ahead to discuss some of the current change management theory approaches which include: The contingency model of change is also known as the Dunphy and Staces model of change. The two studied change from the perspective of a transformation of an organization. Their model was not only situational but also changed strategies to achieve maximal fitness within the environment which meant for its operation. According to Dunphy and Stace, the most appropriate change to be implemented depended entirely on the situational analysis. The theory puts change into four categories namely the modular transformation, corporate transformation, fine tuning, and incremental adjustment. They went further to describe different styles of leadership which included: Consultative style whereby leaders consult employees in making decisions on critical matters affecting the normal running and growth of the company. Coercive style in which change is imposed on employees by their leaders thereby accepting the new strategies unwillingly. The collaborative mode in which the administrative system is supported by the employees, therefore, making the transformation smooth. A transformational model whereby the managers may make impromptu decisions just to ensure the firm survives. Dunphy and Staces model has got five different types of change. Moreover, the models emphasize on the interaction between the scale of change and the administrative styles. These steps of change include: Taylorism, a type of change that involves avoidance of change yet minor adjustments only leads to poor performance by the company. Charismatic transitions in which the influence of a familiar figure most probably a leader is used to make employees accept a particular change. Turnarounds- a type of transition that involves the use of authority to impose changes that are considered beneficial to the company on employees. A developmental change in which the administration of a company puts a major focus on team building, employee development and of course the subsequent improvement of service quality. The final type of change according to these two scholars is the task-focused transition which puts a lot of emphasis on constant reorganizations to come up with new products, procedures and improve the quality of service. Despite their model on change management theory being one of the most popular, Walter (2012) argues that it is non-empirical. In addition to this, it is also over-dependant on the leadership styles and the change drivers but not the analysis of organizational factors. Nudge theory As demonstrated by Ostroff (2013), this model uses behavioral science, political theory, and economics to strategize management change in organizations. The pioneers include Cass R. Sunstein and Richard H. There whose a whole idea of leadership revolves around exploring, understanding the situation at hand and trying to find a way of either eliminating them or making necessary adjustments to a point which the positive outcome outweigh the adverse outcome. They emphasize on the fact that choices should be in such a manner that they can go hand in hand with the way in which people think and make decisions. The model is said to be radical in nature because of its sophistication in its approach. Nyamsuren (2015) denotes that the model eliminates traditional transition methods like direct instructions and punishment as reinforcements. However, one of the advantages of this theory that makes it stand out is that acknowledges the difference in feelings and opinions of people about the reality of the perceived situation not forgetting the human behavior, nature and characteristics. Dhingra and Punia (2017) denote that the model, therefore, minimizes to greater percentage resistance from the employees in organizations but only if well applied. Nudge theory foregrounds behavioral science as an epitome of encouraging people to make good decisions not only for personal good but the overall excellence of the society as well. Although there has been a little concern about the demarcations between outright manipulation and nudging for good, the medical field mainly has fully embraced the idea and s o has the human resource management. ADKAR model According to Grandey, Diefendorff, and Rupp (2013), this is a goal oriented tool which emphasizes the need for heads of organizations to focus on those factors that would enable the company to achieve its objectives. Its also important noting that the results obtained by use of this model are both cumulative and sequential and therefore each result obtained has to arranged in an orderly manner so that to sustain the changes and subsequently implement them. The model can, therefore, be used by managers to exhume the gaps in their administrative structure so that employees have a conducive working environment. ADKAR is an acronym which stands for Awareness, Knowledge, and Reinforcement which involves keeping the changes implemented not just today but in future as well Walter, Cole and Humphrey (2011). Considering the structure of this model, some scholars have credited it for its benefits, for instance. Huy (2012) argues that model is capable of identifying and evaluating the reasons why the changes already made dont work and why the desired result are hard to obtain. Moreover, this model also allows the administrators of organizations to break down the changes implemented into different parts and try to find out the points at which the changes are not as effective as expected. In other words, this model focuses on both personal and business dimensions of change. Bridges Transition Model The approach was pioneered by William Bridges as a change consultant a design that makes a deeper analysis of how changes come in organizations. It drew a distinction between change and transition. Parke (2017) says that transition is intrapersonal whereas change is just an experience and times, happens even without the knowledge of him or her who experiences it. He goes ahead to say that change may be instant while transition on the other hand takes time; transition happens to people as they go through change. The model focuses on three main stages which include: Ending, Losing, and Letting go- the fact that when people propose a change, they may resist or even face emotional discomfort thereby causing fear, anger denial, and resentment (Major, 2014). Therefore it is important for individuals to be ready for changes when marking new beginnings. The neutral zone- This is a stage of impatience, uncertainty, and confusion; a wall between the old and the new when people are still engulfed by the old but wish to adapt to the new. This stage is hence showing signs of low morale, skepticism, and low productivity; however, this phase may also include innovation and burst of creativity. New beginning- Upon passing the neutral zone stage with support and enthusiasm, this final stage enters where people begin to understand and appreciate the idea of change (Major, 2014). Therefore individuals start pursuing the skills required to obtain the goals set by the organization. In this stage, people show a lot of commitment and zest to seek new knowledge Recommendations Just as noted by Rothman and Melwani (2017), an organization is like an organism which inhabits a very vibrant ecosystem and therefore requires a continuous practical focus to propagate and avoid elimination. Thus, for an organization to thrive in the contemporary tight corporate competition, change management is one of the areas in which if well dealt with, solutions can be found to carve out transformational plans in the organizations. Change management is not only meant to maximize profit for those who have actively involved in the change process buts also the holistic sustainability of the company. Therefore, organizations should try implementing different models of management change in their organizations for purposes of elevating the profitability of these enterprises and individual development of their employees. Effective organizational change hence requires the stakeholders of the organization to ensure the culture and structure of its operations are in line with the set objectives. As pointed out by Cole and Humphrey (2011), the organizational change can effectively be managed by recommending an effective determination process so as to evaluate the readiness of the organization towards the possible changes. The step will assist in understanding whether the management strongly supports the change as well as the involvement of the subordinate in effecting the change. Through a better communication plan and strategy, the evaluation process will also help the stakeholders of the organization to ensure all the required information and resources are as well as the priority alternatives are on board. As a result, the stakeholders will be very confident in commencing strategies towards change and sustaining the change achieved. Conclusion Change management is a term used to describe the transition made by organizations from one state to the other. From the business perspective, it refers to the adjustments made by administrators of institutions so that to meet changing market trends and objectives of the company. It entails the application of structured methodologies to steer business from its current status to the desired levels. The major advantage of applying the change management theory, therefore, is that it helps businesses to operate as per their budgets and eventually realize their potentials. Thus, for a company to boost its benefits, improve the working conditions of employees and adopt new technology to meet customer demands, management change theory should be applied. References Dhingra, R., Punia, B. K. (2016). Relational Analysis of Emotional Intelligence and Change Management: A Suggestive Model for Enriching Change Management Skills.Vision (09722629),20(4), 312-322. doi:10.1177/0972262916668726 Grandey, A. A., Diefendorff, J. M., Rupp, D. E. (2013). Emotional labor in the 21st century: Diverse perspectives on emotion regulation at work. New York: Routledge. Huy, Q. N. 2012. Emotions and strategic organization: Opportunities for impactful research. Strategic Organization, 10: 240247 Major, M. J. (2014). Quality management and a balanced scorecard as supporting frameworks for a new management model and organisational change.Total Quality Management Business Excellence,25(7/8), 763-775. doi:10.1080/14783363.2014.904568 Nyamsuren, P. (2015). An integrated engineering change management process model for a project-based manufacturing.International Journal Of Computer Integrated Manufacturing,28(7), 745-752. doi:10.1080/0951192X.2014.924342 Ostroff, C. (2013). Organizational culture and climate. In I. B. Weiner, N. W. Schmitt, S. Highhouse (Eds.), Handbook of psychology. Volume 12: Industrial and organizational psychology (2nd ed.): 643676. New York: Wiley Parke, M. R. (2017). The role of affect climate in organizational effectiveness. Academy of Management Review, 42: 334360. Rothman, N. B., Melwani, S. (2017). Feeling mixed, ambivalent, and in flux: The social functions of emotional complexity for leaders. Academy of Management Review, 42: 259282 Schneider, B., Ehrhart, M. G., Macey, W. (2013). Organizational climate and culture. Review of Psychology, 64: 361388. Walter, F., Cole, M. S., Humphrey, R. (2011). Emotional intelligence: Sine qua non of leadership or folderol? Academy of Management Perspectives, 25(1): 4559.

Home Depot Environmental Issues Essay Example

Home Depot Environmental Issues Paper Customers, special interest groups, regulators, and others who agree are external stakeholders who collaborate and engage in infiltrations on ethical issues. ) As a publicly traded corporation, how can Home Depot justify budgeting so much money for philanthropy? What areas other than the environment, disaster relief, affordable housing, and at-risk youth might be appropriate for strategic philanthropy by Home Depot? Home Depot is about giving back and recycling money through the community. Giving to the community in return gives to Home Depot. Consumers motto after what they have set forth and help fulfill the need to eve back to those in need. Those in need and those who help are a part of the environment, disaster relief, and youth. They are hitting every corner possible. Other areas could be the elderly in the community and schools in the community. What Home Depot does spreads out to consumers and the community. 3) Is Home Depots recessionary strategy of eliminating debt and halting growth a wise one? What would you recommend to the CEO? Wiser more than likely, the strategy Home Depot has set forth goes well in and with their do good model. Home Depot has shown it doesnt have to expand and add to in order to remain the top home improvement store. With the circulation of money from stakeholders and consumers, money does not have to be borrowed from outside lenders. Receiving payback money would add to the recession by borrowing what you do not need to owe at a later time. I recommend the CEO to not forget about employee incentives and keep the funds in circulation through the community and consumers. We will write a custom essay sample on Home Depot Environmental Issues specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Home Depot Environmental Issues specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Home Depot Environmental Issues specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Business, Technology, and Environmental Ethics essays

Business, Technology, and Environmental Ethics essays Business, Technology, and Environmental Ethics have been related to all the important events that had happened during this period. Progress in the technology field has not only made people independent of much manual work, but also, it has brought many negative effects that have caused damage to our environment, for example; pollution. Pollution is consider one of the most important economic problems, but is also a technological problem, the main reason is because our natural resources are infinite, so we have to find a substitute of those products who cause pollution. In my opinion we are running in circles, because we might find a substitute product which help to eliminate the economic and technologic problem, but this invention will bring another different problem that we still dont know. In addition, we can say that technology has helped us to see things from different perspectives, which is good, as philosophy did in previews period of time were humans were used to see things in one way, so philosophers ant thinkers helped people to realize that things are not always the way it seems to be. A good example of this will be the different theories explaining the nature of the movement of the planet earth (biocentrism). We can say also that technology has helped us to advance in the medical field, now we can live longer. On the other hand, it is a double risk weapon because we might have medicines which help people to live longer, but we are also creating new viruses, which cause diseases. Therefore, in conclusion, advances in these fields can bring a lot of benefits to humanity, but also, if ambition overcome humans and make them use these benefits to their own, it can be catastrophic for others. ...

Situation Audit & TimeLine for UNILEVER FOOD SOLUTION Essay

Situation Audit & TimeLine for UNILEVER FOOD SOLUTION - Essay Example uilar (1967) was the first academician to discuss business analysis through a tool he called ETPS (Economic, Technological, Political and Social factors). According to him these external environmental factor influenced business decisions. From then onwards this has changed names to PEST, PESTEL etc and used extensively as an external analytical tool. (Aguilar 1967). Politically conditions and policies for companies dealing with food, even pre-cooked food are favourable and there are few barriers posed except for stringent health concerns. Therefore worldwide there is acceptance for Unilever foods. The economic factors are favourable too as with globalization of trade and industry more work is being created and incomes, specially of the middle class that consumes most of the pre-cooked foods, is rising. This is creating new markets for such products. Speaking of social factors it must be said that with the advent of industrial and trading activity, people of all classes, from executives to workers, are more actively engaged with work and have less time for cooking at home. This makes pre-cooked food a preferred item for its ease and ready to serve capability and is also less expensive than eating out. According to van Wylick (2007, pg. 1), Porters Five Forces model represents an ideal situational analysis of an industry. The central force is competitive rivalry that exists within the given industry. The other four forces that Unilever must deal with are the bargaining power of suppliers, the bargaining power of customers, the threat of new entrants, and the threat of substitute products. In this time of economic turmoil, suppliers can have quite a bit of bargaining power over Unilever. A good supply chain can offset this problem. The bargaining power of customers is also strong in this unstable economy and drives the pricing of the products. The threat of new entrants is unlikely since the market is fairly saturated and the economy does not favor new

Research Proposal on Cardiovascular Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

On Cardiovascular - Research Proposal Example In many cases, however, it is not possible to arrive at a specific etiologic diagnosis, and thus it is often more desirable to classify the cardiomyopathies into one of three types dilated, restrictive, hypertrophic on the basis of differences in their pathophysiology and clinical presentation (Braunwald, 2005, 13-78). Current literature concerning the molecular mechanism of this disease and attendant cardiac failure will be searched to find out the gap in the current knowledge. Sebastini et al. in their 2009 article, discusses the molecular events linking mtDNA defects to cardiac hypertrophy as the cause of congestive heart failure. It has been suggested that the cellular and molecular mechanism of cardiac dysfunction is related to energy derangements and increase of mitochondrial derived reactive oxygen species. There is a continuous cardiomyopathic remodelling in the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure has been attributed to mitochondrial proliferation and the factor of mechanical dysfunction (Sebastini et al., 2009). Moorjani et al. (2006) investigated the phenomenon of activation of apoptotic Caspase cascade during the transition to pressure overload induced heart failure.

Psycholosy (Counterconditioning theory) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Psycholosy (Counterconditioning theory) - Essay Example For example, a psychologist named Ivan Pavolov conducted a famous psychological experiment on dogs. He conditioned dogs to understand that when a bell was rang (the stimulus), the dogs began to salivate in reaction to learning that the bell meant food. This was an extremely important part of understanding classical conditioning. Phobias are an irrational fear of an object or setting. Often, this will cause shock with a person in that they are completely unable to function with the phobia present. One of the ways in which therapists work to help clients overcome their phobia is using behavioral therapy. One of the techniques, which are used, is the exposure technique. The basis behind exposure technique is for the therapist to expose the client to the phobia in which they are experienced in a controlled setting. This is often done in a systematic routine starting with a low threat stimulus working up to complete exposure. For example, if a therapist was working with a client who had a fear of flying in airplanes, they might start by showing a video of an airplane flying. Next, they would try a flight simulator. These cognitive restructuring steps would build upon one another resulting in the final step of actually riding on an airplane. While this is similar to flooding technique that starts at the extreme of the phobia where exposure technique is done in increments. ... de Jong, Jasper A.J. Smits Affiliation Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University Source Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, Vol 42(1), Mar, 2011. pp. 117-121. ISSN 0005-7916 Descriptors *Disgust; *Exposure Therapy; *Fear; *Phobias; Arachnida Abstract The present study examines the relative contributions of changes in state fear and disgust emotions to improvements in spider phobia observed with exposure-based treatment. Sixty-one treatment-seeking spider fearful individuals underwent a one-session exposure in vivo treatment. Growth curve analyses indicated that treatment was associated with significant improvements in state fear and disgust reactions to a live spider and self-reported trait spider phobia symptoms. Mediation analyses demonstrated that changes over time in state fear and disgust each explained unique variance in improvements in phobic symptoms over time. Examination of the effect size of the mediated pathways suggests that changes in fear and changes in disgust are important to reductions in the severity of spider phobia symptoms during exposure-based treatment. The implications of these findings for conceptualizing the role of fear and disgust emotions in the maintenance and treatment of spider phobia are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) Methodology Empirical Study; Interview; Quantitative Study Electronic; Print Electronic Journal; Peer Reviewed Journal Journal Article Accepted Date: Jul 29, 2010; Revised Date: Jul 27, 2010; First Submitted Date: Apr 20, 2010 20110117All rights reserved.. Elsevier Ltd.. 2010. 10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.07.007 In this study, there was an experiment run in order to see whether exposure therapy worked on treating arachnophobia. They had a sample size of

Effectiveness of Teaching Program on QoL of Elderly Patients

Effectiveness of Teaching Program on QoL of Elderly Patients CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION â€Å"It’s not how old you are, it’s how you are old Live your life and forget your age† Older adults recognize that they have less time in which to continue achieving their goals, so they face their challenges with resilience and determination. Gerontologists are increasingly recognizing that older adults who are aging successfully possess wisdom, which includes factual knowledge, problem- solving strategies, and the ability to manage uncertainty. Because many of the challenges of older adulthood involve health and functioning, older adults need accurate information, not only about aging, but also about interventions to promote wellness. Nurses are ideally positioned to teach older adults about health and aging and empower them to implement problem-solving strategies directed towards wellness, improved functioning, and quality of life (Blazer, Brugman, 2006). With increases in life expectancy, delayed onset of morbidity, and higher expectations for old age, interest in well-being in later life and how to achieve it has intensified. ‘Successful ageing’ has come to the fore as a goal for the ageing population. While an agreed definition of successful ageing remains elusive, there is broad agreement that core constituents include physical health and functioning, psychological wellbeing, and social functioning and participation. As the older population surges both in absolute and relative numbers, well-being in old age has also become a focus for policy-makers as a key indicator of the physical and psychological health, social integration and economic security of the older community (Bowling A, Dieppe P Dec 24). Despite the adverse changes that occur with increasing age, older people typically report high levels of well-being. Most feel younger than their actual age and maintain a sense of confidence and purpose. In the HeSSOP (Health and Social Services for Older People) surveys of older people in Ireland, conducted in 2000 and 2004, over three-quarters of community-dwelling older people scored high on morale (Garavan R, Winder R, McGee H. ; 2001, O’Hanlon A, McGee M, Barker M 2005). In fact, older people are more likely to report satisfaction with their lives than younger people (Strine TW, Chapman DP 2008). Old age, it appears, brings with it an ability to adapt to age- related changes and stresses. One study found, for example, that physical decline did not have an impact on older people’s satisfaction with life, suggesting that they regard it as a normal and relatively acceptable part of ageing (Steverink N, Westerhof GJ .2001). Moreover, older people recognize benefits in old age, such as increased wisdom and maturity, with opportunities for growth and lessening of demands upon them. Research has come to emphasize that ageing is highly specific to each individual, which implies that the pathway of old age is not predetermined. While growing older unavoidably entails losses, some individuals cope better with these losses than others. With this in mind, it aims to shed some light on the personal, material and social circumstances that influence how well people cope. â€Å"Successful ageing† refers to those cases where ageing people are free of (acute and chronic) diseases, do not suà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬er from disability, are intellectually capable, possess high physical à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ tness and actively use these capacities to become engaged with others and with the society they live in. Concepts which have been used in gerntological research and which emphasize dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erent aspects of the ageing process are healthy ageing (Ryà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬, 2009) Gerontology has seen many dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erent conceptions of active ageing. A classic deà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ nition of active ageing was presented by Rowe and Kahn (1997) who used the term successful ageing: â€Å"We deà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ne successful ageing as including three main components: low probability of disease and disease-related disability, high cognitive and physical functional capacity, and active engagement with life† (Rowe Kahn, 1997, p. 433; Rowe Kahn, 1987). â€Å"Successful ageing† refers to those who are free of (acute and chronic) diseases and do not suffer from any disability, aged who are intellectually capable and those who possess high physical fitness and actively use these capacities and engage with others and the society they live in. Concepts which have been used in gerontological research and which emphasize different aspects of the ageing process are healthy ageing (Ryff, 2009), productive ageing (Morrow-Howell, Hinterlong, Sherraden, 2001), ageing well (Carmel, Morse, Torres-Gil, 2007). There is a strong normative element in the definition of successful ageing. Successful, healthy and productive ageing are evaluated as the more desirable as â€Å"normal† or even â€Å"pathological† ageing processes. Most people want to grow old without being affected by chronic illnesses and functional disabilities. Despite the efforts are to increase the proportion of healthy life expectancy, a substantial part of the old, and the very old population will have to face dependency and frailty. Hence, attention have to be paid to the fact that normative definitions of â€Å"active ageing† should not lead to the degradation and a discrimination against individuals and groups who do not reach the positive goal of â€Å"active ageing†. (Fernà ¡ndez-Ballesteros, 2008). The WHO deà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ nition of active ageing was more inclusive in respect to dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erent ageing trajectories and the diverse groups of older people: â€Å"Active ageing is the process of optimizing opportunities for health and participation and security in order to enhance quality of life of aged people† (WHO, 2002) The Regional Implementation Strategy for the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, the UNECE members express their commitment to enhance the social, economic, political and cultural participation of the older people and also to promote the integration of older people by encouraging their active involvement in the community and by fostering intergenerational relations (UNECE, 2002). Old age often bring decreasing functional capacity and health problems which may affect the individual’s sense of wellbeing.The goal of health for the elderly in the society may not be free from diseases but the possibility of having a good life despite of illness are in decreasing capacities (Lawton, 1991; Nordenfelt, 1991b; Sarvimaki and Stenbock-Hult, 2000). The Quality of life of the people in a developed country with chronic health condition will have a lower impact rather than the patients with the same disease in a low income country where the resources to ameliorate the disability may be scarce. The subjective and the contextual nature of Quality of life inform the World Health Organization’s definition as: â€Å"an individual’s perception of his/her position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which he/she lives, and in relation to his/her goals, expectations, standards and concerns† (The WHO QUALITY OF LIFE Group, 1995). Thus Quality of life reflects a extended view of subjective wellbeing and life’s satisfaction that encompasses physical and mental health, material wellbeing, interpersonal relationship within and without the family, personal development, work and activities within the communities, and fulfillment and active recreation (Niemi et al., 1988). There is an important consideration in studying the factors associated with the Quality of life of the elder persons is the multi-dimensional nature of the construct and the possibility that determines from one dimension may be different from those of the other dimension. (Patel et al., 2007). NEED OF THE STUDY Little is known about factors that determine the Quality of Life of the elderly persons living in the developing societies and who are undergoing rapid social changes. Quality of life has become increasingly important as an outcome in medical research. The influence of health status is often emphasized, but other dimensions are important. In order to improve quality of life, there is a need to know what people themselves consider important to their perception of quality of life. The studies that are conducted among the groups of elderly persons have shown that Quality of life and the subjective evaluation of the life satisfaction are determined by several factors (Jakobson et al., 2007). Other than the demographic features such as age and financially status, the health, including social support functional disability and networks are often found to be important in the elderly person’s assessment of their Quality of life. (Bowling, 1994;Low and Molzahn, 2007;Richard et al., 2005 ). Other than functional impairments and the health problems to which most of the elderly persons are vulnerable (Clark and Siebens, 1993), old age may also predispose to some social and economic problems. The ccess to health care is severely limited both by manpower and paucity of health facilities and by out-of-pocket payment arrangement. Traditional family support is decreasing and social network is dwindling as migration and urbanization take the young members of the family away. Social changes are also affecting the position of the elderly in the society and leading to a reduction in their social status and influence in the community (Gureje and Oyewole, 2006). All of these factors affect the Quality of life of elderly. (Hickey et al., 2005) Quality of life is the central concepts in the ageing research. Two different traditions can be distinguished in this respect: Concepts which define quality of life in terms of objective living conditions, and concepts which define quality of life in terms of subjective evaluation (Noll, 2010). Similar distinctions have been made in the context of social gerontology. Objective quality of life can be measured by the extent to which the elderly has access and command over the relevant resources like income, health, social networks, and competencies that serve the individuals to pursue their goals and direct their living conditions. Hence, objective quality of life is high in those cases where the health is good, income is high, social networks are reliable and large and the competencies as achieved by the educational status are high. Objective quality of life can be measured by the external observers (Erikson, 1974). Subjective quality of life, in contrast, emphasizes an individual’s perceptions and evaluations. Individuals compare their (objective) living situation according to different internal standards and values. That means the elderly people with different aspiration levels may evaluate the same objective situation differently. Subjective quality of life depends upon the individual person – and lies in the â€Å"eye of the beholder† (Campbell, Converse Rodgers, 1976). Hence, high subjective quality of life can be defined as subjective well-being (high life satisfaction on, strong positive emotions like happiness, and low negative emotions like sadness). Quality of life has become increasingly important as an outcome in medical research. The influence of health status is often emphasized, but other dimensions are important. In order to improve quality of life, there is a need to know what people themselves consider important to their perception of quality of life. The study was of 141 randomly selected people aged from 67 to 99 years that formed a control sample for a study of suicide among older people. They were interviewed in person about their health, socio-demographic background and, using an open-ended question, what they considered to constitute quality of life. Their answers were grouped into eight categories. In addition, they were asked to choose from a ‘show card’ three items that they regarded as important to quality of life. Functional ability was the most frequently selected domain, followed by physical health, social relations and being able to continue to live in ones present home. It was found that socia l relations, functional ability and activities influence the quality of life of elderly people as much as health status. ( Katarina Wilhelmson ,Christina Andersson, et al., 2004) Since 1970s cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of deaths worldwide, cardiovascular mortality rates have been declined in many high-income countries Age is an important risk factor in developing cardiovascular diseases, though it usually affects the older adults. It is estimated that 87 percent of people who die of coronary heart disease are 60 and older. â€Å"It’s important that this vulnerable group of people doesn’t get overlooked so that they are properly assessed and they receive the best treatments to improve their quality of life.† Newcastle University,British Heart Foundation, (Professor Bernard Keavney, July 25, 2012) A study wasrecently carried out376heart scans calledechocardiogramson 87- 89 year olds in their homes. The results revealed that around a quarter hadundiagnosed heart problemsand are missing out on treatments, which could improve their symptoms and theirquality of life. (Newcastle University,British Heart Foundation, Professor Bernard Keavney, July 25, 2012) The purpose of the present study is to identify the effectiveness of structured teaching program on awareness of quality of life among elderly patients with cardiac disorders, at GKNM Hospital, Coimbatore. The researcher strongly believes that, the result of the proposed study can be used to enhance nursing initiatives, and to establish a teaching strategy for elderly patients attending cardiac and cardio thoracic opd’s at GKNM Hospital and thereby improve their quality of life. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Program on the Awareness of Quality Of Life among Elderly Cardiac Patients at G.K.N.M Hospital, Coimbatore. OBJECTIVES To assess the quality of life of elderly cardiac patients To assess the effectiveness of structured teaching program To find the association between the pre- test level of scores and selected demographic variables OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS Effectiveness: It refers to the outcome of the planned teaching program in terms of awareness gained Structured Teaching Program: It refers to the systematic information provided to the elderly cardiac patients regarding quality of life. Awareness: It is the state or ability to perceive, to feel, and sense data confirmed by an observer. Quality of life: It is the personal satisfaction with the cultural or intellectual conditions under which a person lives. Elderly cardiac patients: Patients above 60 years of age and having cardiac disorders. HYPOTHESIS H0: There will be no significant difference between the pre-test and the post-test awareness scores of elderly cardiac patients regarding quality of life. H1: There will be significant association between the demographic variables and the pre-test awareness scores of elderly cardiac patients regarding quality of life. ASSUMPTIONS The elderly patients will not have adequate awareness regarding Quality Of Life. The structured teaching program will enhance the quality of life of elderly cardiac patients.

I Love You From the Bottom of My Brain: The Neurobiology Behind Love :: Biology Essays Research Papers

I Love You From the Bottom of My Brain: The Neurobiology Behind Love You're at a typical weekend party. You spot someone across the room. They look over in your direction. "Wow, they're so beautiful," you think. You want desperately to go over and talk to them, but at the very thought of it, your heart starts racing and your palms begin to sweat. Looking over at them again, you see that amazingly enough they are coming over to you. Even before speaking to them, you feel like you have just fallen in love. Is this feeling really love at first sight? Or is it merely the release of hormones in the brain? What causes the feeling of being in love? How can we know for sure if we really are in love? Love is one of the strongest and most elusive emotions. Nearly every person seeks to experience the feeling of being in love. And once it is achieved, one's life is forever changed. Yet, most people would have extreme difficulty describing what exactly love is, how they know for sure that they are in love, or why love is so universally important. Understanding the neurobiology behind love might help to give us a more clear perspective on social bonding and raises the question of whether love is nothing more than the release of certain chemicals. The hormone oxytocin plays a significant role in many animals' instinct to love and form social bonds. In fact, it has been called jokingly, "the cuddle hormone." (1) Oxytocin is a small protein composed of nine amino acids. It is produced in the hypothalamus and is released by the pituitary gland. (2) Oxytocin is also produced in the ovaries of women and the testes of men. However, the hormone's most well known function is specific to females. (3) First, it plays an integral role in the delivery of a baby. When a woman goes into labor, oxytocin levels increase. This stimulates contraction in the smooth muscle of the uterine walls, thereby facilitating delivery. Secondly, oxytocin plays a role in milk letdown in nursing mothers. Milk is initially released into small sacs, called alveoli, which are surrounded by smooth muscle cells. Oxytocin stimulates contractions of this smooth muscle, causing the milk to be released to the mouth of a nursing baby. (3) Lastly, and most importantly, oxytocin causes the formation of maternal behavior.

Integrative Case Study †Cafe Co

Edinburgh Napier University BA Hospitality and Service Management Introduction to Human Resource Management HRM08901 Assignment Submission (Part2) Integrative Case Study – Cafe Co Lecturer:Fiona Duncan Local Tutor:Pamela Poon Student Name:Yiu Chun Hei, Jonas Matriculation No. :40075274 Year and Class:BAHSM- 1B Entry:Diploma Date of Submission: 7 March 2011 Table of Contents Page No. 1. Introduction of two-day training course3 2. Overall aims and Specific learning objective4 3. Improvement after this training course5 4. Timetable of training course6 5.Training Methods in the training course10 6. Evaluation strategy of the course15 7. Conclusion of the training course17 8. Reflective statement18 9. Appendix20 10. List of References 21 Introduction of two-day training course In view of the problem of training with line managers, it is going to hold a two-days training course to conduct the new barista. Each day takes 9 hours, there are about 12-16 new barista will attend the trai ning. The training course includes the orientation of Cafe Co, Induction of customer service skills and equipment operation skills. The reason that hold the raining course is saving time for training in daily workload, assists to train the basic skills with line manager and let the new barista experience the workplace Next chapter, it will explain the overall aims and objectives of the training course. Word count: 97 Overall aims and Specific learning objective The overall aim of the training course are new barista should be able to make five different types of coffee by making a standard taste coffee with using coffee maker via the two-day training course. Upon the completion of the training course, new barista should be able to achieve five goals. Understand the rules and history of Cafe Co * Build up team spirit * Learn a standard Cafe Co’s customer service skills * Learn characteristics of five common coffee beans in Cafe Co * Correctly use coffee maker to make a standard coffee In next chapter, it will discuss functions of training course for Cafe Co. Word count: 108 Improvement after this training course First, understanding the history, mission and vision of Cafe Co can establish loyalty, explain clear direction to new barista and drive them to have same target. Also, it can boost morale and create positive atmosphere in work place.Second, after training course, new barista already had basic skills in serving customer and making coffee. There is enough training support to line manager; it can reduce the time for training new employees. Line managers just need to give time to let new employees to gain experience and share their experience. Third, some line managers are not interest in training. The training course can provide basic skills to handle daily workload and save time in training. In chapter 4, the timetable of training course will be outline. Word count: 123Timetable of training course The training course will divide to two days, first d ay will talk about Cafe Co history and policy and second day will teach the practice in daily life. It will take about nine hours per day include one hours lunch time. Training course will hold on 24th-25th in April in one of the branch. There will be a barista and a supervisor which both have three years experience working in Cafe Co responsible for trainers and speakers in the course. Beside the standard skills, they can also share their own technique with the new barista.There is a standard dress code in the course. All attendants must wear the standard Cafe Co barista suit, black trouser and shoes. Beside the suit, trouser and shoes should bring by the attendants. And here is the Time Table. Day 1 Time| Contents| Methods | Resources| Purpose| 9:00- 9:30am| Welcome and Briefing| Lecture| Computer Projector| Welcoming and show the purpose of the training course| 9:30- 10:00am| Ice-Breaking| Games| Paper Pens| Let new barista recognize each other and build up teamwork| 10:00- 11:00 pm| History of Cafe Co| Lecture| ComputerProjectorMicrophone| -Show the organization’s history -Understand the culture and background of Cafe Co| 11:00-12:30pm| Policy of Cafe Co| Lecture| Employees Handbook Microphone| -Show the value of Cafe Co-List out strategic of Cafe Co -Clear the Mission and Vision of Cafe Co| 12:30-1:30pm| Lunch| | | | 1:30- 2:30pm| Knowing working place| Familiarization Tour| Map| -Show the working place and equipment -Familiarize the working place| 2:30- 3:30pm| Employee Compensation| Lecture| Computer Projector Microphone| -Show rest day and holidays in Cafe Co-Arrange of duty meal -Show incentive and Benefits of employees| 3:30- :30pm| Safety and Health policy| Training Video, Lecture| ComputerProjector Microphone| -Mention the safety guide in working place -Explain the important of Safety and Health in Cafe Co -Typhoon and rainstorm emergencies measure -Provide methods of managing stress at work-Show accident may happen working place| 4:30-5:30pm | Rules and Discipline | Lecture| ComputerProjector Microphone| -Mention rules in attendance -Explain rules and procedures in Cafe Co-List out discipline example -introduce disciplinary action procedures| 5:30- 6:00pm| Conclusion| Discussion| Paper Pens| -Recap the main point that the new barista learn |Day 2 Time| Contents| Methods| Recourse| Purpose| 9:00- 9:15am| Briefing| Lecture| Microphone| Point out Daily goals and expectation| 9:15- 10:30am| Standard customer services| Lecture Training Video| Microphone Computer Projector| -Training standard welcome speech -Table setting training -Understand barista’s responsibility| 10:30- 12:00pm| Products in Cafe Co| Lecture Discussion| Microphone Computer Projector| -Recognize products in Cafe Co-Understand menu and facilities -know characteristic of each coffee| 12:00- 1:00pm| Lunch| | | | 1:00- 3:00pm| Make Coffee| Demonstration Lecture| Coffee MakingCoffee Bean| -Show the procedures of making coffee -Share the skills of making coffee| 3:00- 3:15pm| Break| | | | 3:15- 5:15pm| Operation in Cafe Co| Role play| Working place and equipment | -Try to be a real barista-Try to make coffee -Experience the working place -Try to serve customer| 5:15- 6:00pm| Conclusion Evaluation| Discussion| Flip board Maker pen Evaluation form| -Refresh new barista memories -Conclude the knowledge learned -Collect data from new barista| In next chapter, it will discuss the training methods and how can the training method fulfill new barista with different learning style.Word Count: 530 Training Methods in the training course In this two-day training course, it used six methods to train the new barista. They are Lecture, Demonstration, Training video, Group discussion, Role Play and Games. Training method is an important part in training program; it links to content and purpose of the training. Using a correct training method can make a better training atmosphere and enhance the effectiveness of the training. Furthermore, there is another element that affects the effectiveness, which is the learning style of the new barista.By Honey and Mumford’s learning style (1992), learner can identify to 4 types, Reflector, Activists, Theorists and Pragmatists. Each type has their advantages and strength to learn in different training methods. Reflectors are usually stood back and observe at work, thinking what they can learn. They can produce analyses and reports without pressure. Activists are tends to involved in new experiences, problems and opportunities. They like to work in team and act first without consideration. They do not like preparation or reviewing. Theorists are like to adapt and integrate observation into complex and logically.They like solving problem step by step and think in logical ways. Pragmatists are like to try things out; they applied the job with concept. They usually have fewer patients in long process. Training method, games just involved in the ice breaking process. It is costly, need to spend time and without learning some really useful in work. But it stills an important part in the training course. Games place in the starting can drive new barista to having a positive emotion and relax atmosphere to finish the entire course. Between playing games, barista can build up teamwork and increase the interaction and communication.It is suitable for all learning style because it is not related to work but the relationship. Lecture is a passive training method, it is a talk without question and answer session, new barista just need to sit down and listen to the lecturer. All information is produce by the lecturer and no interaction between lecturer and trainers. Lecture is a single way transfer method but it still chosen to use in many sections that about theory and information. It is because those things can learn by experience and observation and no need to practice or abstraction.Using lecture to teach knowledge in a long period may cause new barista feel bored and lose their attraction. So that sometime may need to combine another method to balance like group discussion or training video. This method is suitable for Theorist to learn best because they can having time to understand the theory. Training video will not using separately in training, it looks like some assistance in training method. It is suitable in explain some technique and skills that cannot show by speech or words like customer service and safe & health guide in work place.Playing training video to new barista can attract their attention and stimulate them between the lectures. Using video as training can reinforce their memory, let the text knowledge become image, make them easier to remember the image, rules and process deeper in their mind. It is a good training method for Pragmatist because they learn best if shown a model and they can copy. Demonstration is an experiential training method, it is also like training video, and it can be combined with the lecture program. It is suitable for reflectors and pragmatists to learn because both types like to observe and copy.It is place in the â€Å"Make Coffee† part; trainer will demonstrate how to make a standard coffee and new barista learn via explanation and guidance. Beside the demonstration, new barista can join the process to enhance impact of the training and trainers can explain skills and technique to new barista. Moreover, barista can ask question immediately to reduce misunderstanding of the demonstration. Role playing will use in the â€Å"Operation in Cafe Co† part, new barista need to act out their characters and simulate the daily operation in Cafe Co. t should prepare specially in some case and test new barista confront ability. The advantage of using this method is providing a face to face situation for testing; it can develop interactive skills and gives people insight into the way in which people behave and feel but it needs well prepare and enough support to run a role p lay. It is suitable for activists learning style; they are like to action and working with others in role playing. Discussion is a method that gives chances for audience to participate active learning, sharing their experience and feeling with others.Also, it can gather others’ opinions and points to provide a clear view. It provide interaction and communication time for new barista too. It will take part in â€Å"Conclusion† and â€Å"Products in Cafe Co† because this section needs times to conversation and discuss about what they learn, it can make them devote themselves in to the course. This training method is suitable for activists because they like to work with others and leading discussion. To drive this training course to success, it should also consider Kolb’s (1974) learning cycle, experience, observation, abstraction and practice.The training course’s design base on this and ensure the methods can follow these four elements, like it will hold classroom learning like lecture, discussion and videos for experience and observation. Abstraction and practice will reach by the role play in Cafe Co and demonstration of making coffee. All the training methods designed for the content of each part and it is the most suitable method to bring out a effective result after the course. In next chapter, it will discuss the evaluation of this training course. Word Count: 930 Evaluation strategy of the courseIn a fair and success evaluation, the design of the evaluation form and the atmosphere of the place are so important. A formal evaluation should hold unless twenty minutes, and the valuator should leave the evaluation place to ensure a fair evaluation. The evaluation should hold by another person that no relationship between the course. Also, the design of the form should be quantize in marks, clearly explain the rules like 1 is the best and 10 is the worst in marks. The question in the questionnaire should use close question at most, it can be easier to analyze the data and much more fair.The questionnaire should not record the evaluator’s name which can increase the truism if the evaluators are not identified. According to Kirkpatrick’s level of evaluation (1956), evaluation should be focus on 4 stages, Reaction, Learning, Behavioral and Results. Reaction and Learning are in formative level. Reaction measure the feeling about the content and method of the evaluation. Learning measure what learner learned from the course. Behavioral and Result are in the summative level. Behavioral evaluate the change of the trainers after training course and the applicant of the trainee.Result measures the effect the organization performance and productivity. Therefore, a successful evaluation should include four stages. Evaluation is not just focus on the reaction level but need to concern summative level. Beside questionnaire (appx. 1), interview, performance review and other aspects should consider to ev aluate the success of the training course. Word count: 245 Conclusion of the training course After this training course, new barista will able response the daily operation in Cafe Co, the relationship between barista should be closer and start to build up team work in workplace.Moreover, new barista should understand the policy, strategy, mission and vision of Cafe Co; they also need to understand the rules. They need to recognize their right, benefit, compensation in Cafe Co. Word Count: 63 Reflective statement After finish this assessment, I have learnt how to collect the useful information from internet and books. Before that, I usually finish my assessment with the tutorial notes and my own knowledge, because of the marks of Reference, it pushes me to borrow books and research in internet. Also, finishing this assessment can make me know more theories and knowledge in Human Resource.It makes me interest in this subject and drive me to read more books about human relationship in work place. It makes me know the psychology of employees and employers. In the working progress, the notes from the course really help me a lot. I applied it to my assignment, it clearly explain the theories with some basic words and showing the figures of some theory which can clear my mind. The thing that hindered me is the arrangement of my answer. Some question makes me confused and I don’t know how to arrange the answer’s sequence. The question cannot clearly explain what are they asking and I am confusing about what should I answer.It might affect the quality of the assignment. In briefly, I am satisfied for my submission. Because I can finish it in time and I really do it with my heart. But one thing that I can do better is the submission date. I always finish my assignment at last day of the submission. It is very danger if there are any accident in the network, I may be able to upload my assessment to the Turnitin System lately and cause my work decrease one g rade. So that, I decided I will finish and upload my work as soon as possible before the due date. Word Count: 238 Appendix Training Evaluation Form Title of course: New barista training courseDate of training: Marking standard (Disagree)12345(Agree) 1. The direction of the course is clear__ 2. It is easy to understand the content__ 3. The course is enjoyable__ 4. The course is useful__ 5. The course can make me interest in coffee__ 6. Enough support of the training course__ 7. Trainer is clearly teach the skills and technique__ Any others opinions: ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Thank you for your opinions List of References Armstrong, M. 2009) Armstrong’s Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice, 11th Edition, Kogan Page Bloisi, W. (2007) An Introduction to Human Resource Management, Mc Graw Hill Dessler, G. (2011 ) Human Resource Management, 12th Edition, Pearson Messmer, M. and Bogardus, A. (2007) Human Resource Management, Wiley Pathways Demonstration training method (2007) [Online] Available at: http://traininganddevelopment. naukrihub. com/methods-of-training/demonstrations. html [Accessed: 26th March, 2012] Evaluation Forms (2011) [Online] Available at: http://www. sampleforms. org/category/evaluation-forms [Accessed: 4th April, 2012]

5 Reasons Why The Future of Healthcare Jobs Are Bright

5 Reasons Why The Future of Healthcare Jobs Are Bright Job seekers are looking to the healthcare field as one of the fastest growing occupational sources in the United States. Over the years 2012 to 2022, healthcare-related jobs are expected to account for one of the highest sectors in job growth, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Not since 2008 has the hospital industry made the number of jobs available as it has since the last quarter of 2014. Aside from hospital workers, employees are needed to fill positions in physician’s offices, urgent care clinics and home healthcare jobs. A convergence of events has made this an exciting time if you are seeking a job in healthcare. That being said, here are 5 reasons why the future of healthcare jobs are bright: 1.  Increasing Population of Elderly PeopleAmerica is growing older, and baby boomers are reaching a time when they require medical services such as geriatric medicine. For an increasing number of older Americans, home healthcare is required. Increases in mind-alterin g diseases such as Alzheimer’s, diabetic-associated problems and cardiac disease raises the demand for healthcare providers. In addition, with an emphasis on maintaining a healthy lifestyle, older Americans are visiting their doctors and becoming involved in wellness programs, all of which require trained professionals to meet the demand. Ancillary services such as those that provide durable medical equipment are also increasing.2. Better Healthcare AvailabilityWith the passage of the Affordable Care Act, more Americans are gaining access to healthcare services. Under the ACA, the insured are able to visit the doctor, have their eyes examined and get laboratory tests done. This means that increasing numbers of optometrists, physicians, physician’s assistants, nurses and laboratory technicians are necessary.In the next 10 years, the population is expected to grow by nine percent in the United States, increasing the need for more healthcare providers and personnel. In ad dition, with better medical care for chronic conditions, such as kidney disease that requires continuing treatment, the expansion of dialysis centers will require trained technicians.3.  Evolution of Healthcare RecordsAs healthcare reform is implemented, paperless medical records are replacing paper charts. Hospitals, medical offices and insurance companies are turning to electronic medical records. This relies on transcriptionists, computer experts and technicians to help bring about the transformation and maintain the records.4. Wellness ProgramsMore businesses and facilities are offering wellness programs. This is in line with the recognition that wellness is about more than medicine. Nutritionists, therapists and others are finding jobs in this proactive addendum to routine healthcare.5. Increased Jobs in the Hospital SectorAlthough the economy began to recover after March 2010, hospitals were not adding jobs. That changed in 2014. In the last quarter of that year, 100,000 job s were added, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. This surge is expected to continue with approximately 28.1 percent growth in ancillary healthcare jobs accompanied by a 21.5 percent growth spike in the number of medical providers.According to Forbes, healthcare jobs have grown exponentially, and the growth does not seem to be slowing. Job search services such as TheJobNetwork are available to help you look for opportunities in the burgeoning healthcare field. This free service is easy to use and provides alerts via email to let you know when healthcare jobs are available.

Essay the world that was against me

Essay the world that was against me Essay the world that was against me The World that was Against Me Everyday it’s the same old thing I wake up, go to a school filled with people who think I am nothing, go home, eat maybe, and go to bed. Even though I hate going to school due to the fact that I am bullied and bruised. I would rather go to school and escape for 8 hours, than be at home. Nobody sees the pain, and the scars I have. That I feel. I put a smile on everyday so everyone thinks I’m fine with it. But I’m NOT! Every morning when I wake up, and every night before I fall asleep I say to me â€Å"tomorrow will be different.† Then I laugh. What is a 14-year-old frail girl going to do? It’s not like I can stand up to the big bullies. They would demolish me. And what am I supposed to do at home? They are all bigger and much stronger than I am. Plus they are family. I’m not supposed to be mean to them even if they are to me. Do you know what today is? It’s Friday, and that means tomorrow is the weekend. That is a whole 48 hours I am to spend with my family. I was not looking forward to that as I started to tear a little. But I can’t focus on that. I need to prepare myself for the day that is here. Today is another typical day. I wake up, get ready, but today it was extremly cold out and they made me walk. I do not know why, but they did. What a way of life. Right? 30 minutes of being in the freezing cold went by and I was finally at school. I looked down at my hands, which were turning black and blue. I walked up the stairs entering wildlife also known as high school. My head down, I walked quickly to my locker, trying to avoid eye contact. In my head I thought â€Å"please don’t be there, please don’t be there!† but there they were, â€Å"the best†, the meanest, nastiest group of all time. They are at my locker every morning, ready to give me my morning beat down. I still have the burn marks they gave me a few weeks ago. Is school not a place to feel safe? As I came to my locker, I saw the leader, the one who ran the show. Her name is Gigi. My heart began to race, my feet speed up, and I could feel the back of my neck hair stand up. I didn’t stop at my locker today, I didn’t want to get hurt, but I knew that wasn’t possible. A smile came to my face as I passed the group. I felt relief knowing they didn’t see me. As I began to slow down, I almost tripped. Well I thought I did. I couldn’t believe I thought I made it pass them. â€Å"I thought† as I was cleaning up my books from the ground. Round 1 is about to start now. They dragged me to where we usually go when they beat me up. The disgusting bathroom. We walked in and they threw my books everywhere. This was my Friday beat down, which consisted of punches, slaps, and kicks. When they were finally finished, I only had a few cuts, and bruises. It wasn’t that bad today, but I wasn’t complaining. Finally, the day was over. I survived through lunc h, I’m starving, but I made it. I haven’t eaten anything for the past two days. I usually eat whatever was left but most of the time it’s nothing. I am so weak it’s hard to do anything. I can hardly walk, and more importantly defend myself. The final bell rings and I walk as quickly as I can to avoid the rush. I decided I was going to walk home, just so I could spend a little more time away. Out into the cold I go for 30 more minutes. I would go to a friend’s house, but what friend do I have? As I reached my door, I could already hear the screams between my parents. It is almost four, which means mother will be leaving for work. I though school was bad with all the bruises, but it’s nothing compared to the abuse I get at home. When both parents are home, they yell and hit me for absolutely nothing. They live like royals and I am their servant. I never go anywhere with them, and when they do leave they lock up everything so I don’t get into it. I have tried suicide but I can never bring myself to do it. All the ways I thought of were too slow to

Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal - Assignment Example Without a doubt, Poe does an excellent job of portraying the narrator’s behavior. The narrator is unable to explain his behavior clearly because his action of frightening the old man and then killing him was too spontaneous. As mentioned above, he is so befuddled and is driven mad by the guilty that he just could not beg to confess. One cannot diminish the fact that Poe provides a comprehensive understand of paranoia and mental corrosion of the narrator. In order to enhance the suspense, Poe deliberately adds key details of memories that the murderer confesses to such as the old man’s eyes and his heartbeat. In this particular instance, the â€Å"Tell-Tale Heart† depicts the psychological contradictions that one man faces as he tries to justify his brutal murder of an innocent old man. The justifications almost seemed that the man killed his victim due to self-defense when clearly that was not the case. Poe tries to depict the act of a criminal’s mind and his absurd obsession with the old man. Poe excels to depict this story in such a way that makes the narrator seem normal but insane at the same. Clearly, the narrator is confused with mixed emotions as he both loves and hates the old man. The true sense of love is shown as observes the man but then kills him due to hate.

NCLB in your School Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

NCLB in your School - Coursework Example Effectively, the Act requires the development of basic skills assessments, critical towards receiving federal education funding (CQ Press, 2005).This is in addition to continuously giving these assessments to all students at various select grade levels, with each state developing individual standards. The utility of Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) standardized examinations is viewed as a pertinent requirement of all states in the U.S. This is aimed at achieving the critical purpose of NCLB that entails having all American students achieve proficiency in mathematics and reading by the year 2014. Accordingly, as founded under pertinent legislation, individual states are tasked with the setting of their individual standards, which students in public schools need to achieve. Through measurement of such student progress, states are thereafter able to solicit for federal funding, based on achievement of set standards (CQ Press, 2005). The requirement that all schools need to publish scores attained for the public to view enables parents to decide on the best education avenues through which their children can progress through. In case of contexts where schools continuously fail to meet these standards, pertinent measures are taken towards improving the schooling system present. These include utility of summer schooling and tutoring programs, or overall system restructuring if need be (New America Foundation, 2014). The AYP standardized examinations are critical towards measurement of individual and student-group progress. According to New America Foundation (2014), this is in reference to proficiency in mathematics and reading, which is essential in qualifying students for advancement to higher levels of learning. Critically so, these examinations are unique to individual states, given that there exists no national achievement standards. The NCLB Act expands federal role-play in public education

How to deal with an angry customer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How to deal with an angry customer - Essay Example Tell the customer that there are solutions and the company can resolve any problems they are having. There needs to be a statement such as finding the root of the problem and looking toward potential solutions. For instance, if a customer has a broken item, they can come back to the store and replace it or can receive a refund. If it is a service, such as a programming problem with the computer, then using resources the company has to fix the problem, such as troubleshooting, can also be used. (Leadership Tools, 1). After the customer has left, a follow through should be approached. A call or note to make sure the problem is resolved should always be looked into. If it isn’t resolved, find another company solution to provide assistance. If everything is resolved, there should be another follow through to make sure everything is correct while asking the customer if they are satisfied with the solution and service that has been offered (Business Opportunities, 1). Business Opportunities. â€Å"How to Deal with Angry Customers.† Business Opportunities and Ideas. Retrieved from: http://www.businessopportunitiesandideas.com/388/how-to-deal-with-angry-customers,

Environmental Depletion Essay Example for Free

Environmental Depletion Essay 1. Individuals are affected by the environment in different ways. The environment is an essential element in mans daily sustenance. The environment is the source of fresh air which humans breath in order to live, the source of fruits and vegetables that are necessary for the better functioning of the body, and the care taker of nature which provides man with a serene view of the world. The environment is also the source of trees and other raw materials that are used in the production of the basic needs of the modern world. The environment aids man in so many ways that living without it is totally indispensable for the survival of man. However, the many blessings and benefits which man derives from the environment have caused greed and abuse. The environment, as many theorize is very sick because of mans lack of concern for it. Instead of striving to preserve and/ or cultivate all that the environment has to offer, man continues to abuse and show lack of care for the environment. Thus, the world now is experiencing too many nature related tragedies. The tragedies that are happening and the climate changes as well as global warming are all the result of mans depletion of the earths natural resource. Everything which the environment has to offer has been continually abused by man and utilized commercially to satisfy their greed for profit. What man forgets is that whatever he does with the environment will be done to him two fold. Aside from the physical effects, changes in the environment can also have physiologic and psychological effects to man. If the temperature is hot and dry, man tends to be sweaty and thirsty while if the temperature is cold, the body of man tends to cling on to something that will provide him warmth. Psychologically, a hot temperature will most likely cause man to be easily irritated and annoyed. More often than not, the patience is man is shorter when it is hot as compared when the temperature is cold. In addition, if the environment to which man lives in is rowdy or in chaos or there is too much pollution, the tendency of man is also to feel and act in chaos whereas if the environment is serene, man, most often than not, will feel relaxed and relieved. A busy and crowded environment may lead to stress but a lax setting may temper the mind and feelings of man. Individuals, generally, act in accordance with what they see and feel from the environment. There are only a few people who do not feel affected with what is happening in their environment, these are the people who have high tolerance and have a high sense of discipline to detach themselves from the environment where they are. 2. In the past five years, there has been an increased awareness in the environment because man has been feeling the wrath of nature. The effects of the pollution of the water, the seas and rivers, the air and the noise pollution that are felt world wide are starting to cause serious trouble to mans daily existence. There has been too much pollution around that man can hardly enjoy the benefits which nature used to offer. The climate changes, global warming, extinction of plants, animals and fishes, melting of glaciers and scarcity of natural resources such as water, trees and animals have caused man difficulties. In some parts of the world, such as Africa, water scarcity is very prevalent (Arriens, 2007). The people there hardly have any water to drink, cook and bath. In the years to come, it has been predicted by several scientists and researchers that water scarcity will be felt in a greater degree. If there is water scarcity, almost all resources will be affected. Lack of water will also deprive man to cultivate the soil and plant fruits, vegetables and rich thus there will be food shortage. Cost of products bought in the market will also rise. The lesser products there are available, the higher is the cost. The fear of man to experience all of these adverse effects is the reason why there has been an increased awareness of the environment, which I believe is just right. Man needs to protect and preserve the blessings of nature in order to live longer and enjoy life better.

Impact of Stroke Case Study

Impact of Stroke Case Study Introduction Jithra is now 68 years of age. Her family consists of husband, daughter, nephew and nephews wife. She has been living with left side hemiplegia caused by stroke since she was 64. As this interview went, Jithra was holding her daughters hand and slowly elaborated her word by word experience in tears. Before an episode of stroke damaged the right side of her brain and put her in bed for the rest of her life, Jithra was living a life of a healthy person. She stated that poverty and debt were the most important factors that motivated her to wake up at 4:30 am on regular basis in order to prepare food and beverage for her respective customers who kindly supported her small restaurant. A strong belief that she did not have any health issue strengthened by the fact that an annual physical check-up was so expensive disguised Jithra from realising how essential it was to have her blood pressure and blood glucose level regularly monitored when she aged. As now that she spends her activities of daily living in bed, pressure sore has become the main concern for both Jithra and her family. Though Jithra does not complain of soreness, redness on skin does indicate that some areas need attention. This essay will provide an overview understanding of stroke and its negative effects posed on Jithra. Furthermore, this essay will emphasise on the intervention and prevention of pressure ulcer in depth. Understand Stroke According to World Health Organization (2014), stroke occurs when there is an interruption of the blood supply to a part of the brain. Stroke can be divided into two major types. The first type is called haemorrhagic stroke. This type of stroke accounts for approximately 13 percent of all strokes (Brown Edward, 2012). It results from bleeding into the brain tissue. The bleeding caused by a rupture of blood vessels results in the leakage of blood into the brain impairing the delivery of oxygen and nutrients. Haemorrhagic stroke can be caused by a number of disorders affecting the blood vessels. Some of which are long-standing high blood pressure and cerebral aneurysms, a thin or weak spot on a blood vessel wall. The weak spots that cause aneurysms are usually present at birth. The development of aneurysms happens over a number of years and don’t usually cause detectable problems until they break (Stroke Foundation, 2014). Jithra’s daughter stated that Jithra complained of headache and nausea approximately 48 hours, especially during periods of activity, before an episode of stroke occurred. Headache particularly distinguishes haemorrhagic stroke from ischaemic stroke. Its other symptoms also include nausea, vomiting, decreased level of consciousness, neurological deficits and hypertension (Brown Edward, 2012). The second type is called ischaemic stroke. It accounts for approximately 85 percent of all strokes. According to Brown and Edward (2012), this type of stroke occurs as the result of partial or complete obstruction, caused by a blood clot, of a blood vessel that supplies blood to the brain. This leads to an insufficient of oxygen supply and glucose needed for cellular metabolism. A clot may be formed by means of embolism or thrombosis. Both types of clotting formations can be differentiated by their characteristics. The term embolism in relation to stroke is characterised by a condition where an embolus is created in one part of the brain or the body, circulates in the bloodstream, and eventually blocks the flow of blood through a vessel in another part of the brain (Crosta, 2009). This is called embolic stroke. On the other hand, the term thrombosis is characterised by the formation of a clot resulted from fatty deposits or plaque blocking the passage of blood through the artery. Th is type of clot remains in one area of blood vessels without being carried throughout the bloodstream. This is called thrombotic stroke (Brown Edward, 2012). Stroke risk factors There are multiple risk factors associating with stroke as according with (Brown Edward, 2012). The risk factors can be classified into non-modifiable risk factors and modifiable risk factors. Non-modifiable risk factors include age, gender, race and heredity. Modifiable risk factors include diabetes mellitus, heart disease, atrial fibrillation, heavy alcohol consumption, hypercoagulability, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, obesity, physical inactivity, sickle cell disease and smoking. Jithra, at 68, was diagnosed with hypertension or high blood pressure and diabetes mellitus. Age, hypertension and diabetes mellitus have played a key role in contribution to stroke. ‘Stroke risk increases with age, doubling each decade after age 55 (Brown Edward, 2012, p. 1622).’ The rate of atherosclerotic development is usually increased by the stress of a constantly elevated blood pressure. The term atherosclerosis is referred to as hardening of the arteries resulting from the formation of fatty deposits or plaques. The narrowing of the blood vessels is its consequence. The carotid artery in the neck is a common site where these plaques develop and tend to break away and lodge in the vessels of the brain (Sander, 2013). Likewise, diabetes mellitus increases tendency towards the dysfunction of the inner linings of the blood vessel walls leading to an increase in the tendency towards the development of plaques. In addition, high cholesterol and triglyceride levels are highly likely among people with diabetes mellitus (Brown Edward, 2012, p. 863). Impact of Stroke According to Brown and Edward (2012), stroke is a leading cause of serious, long-term disability. Jithra has been living with left side paralysis since she was 64 as a consequence of stroke. Immobility and the weakness in Jithra’s right arm and leg are the key limitations. She relies greatly on her family members when repositioning in bed is attempted and a combination of self-care abilities and activities of daily living, such as eating or drinking, are performed. Dysarthria, a disturbance in the muscular control of speech, is also experienced. Impairment may involve pronunciation, articulation and phonation. This helps explaining why Jithra feels uncomfortable communicating with strangers. As the interview went, a sudden change in emotion was spotted. Persons who have had a stroke may have difficulty controlling their emotions. Emotional responses may be exaggerated or unpredictable (Brown Edward, 2012, p. 1628).The daughter said that Jithra sometimes cried without any reas on. The interchanging between laughing and crying took only minutes to do so. Besides pressure, shearing force, friction and excessive moisture contribute to pressure ulcer formation (Maklebust Sieggreen, 2001). As mentioned above that Jithra is bed-bound and greatly relies on her family members when repositioning is attempted, manual handling is used in order to lift and move her around the bed. However, the incorrect techniques combined with non-supportive equipment, such as sliding sheet, have put the maintenance of Jithra’s skin integrity becomes much more difficult. Pressure Ulcer According to Sydney South West (2008, p. 4), pressure ulcers are defined as â€Å"any lesion caused by unrelieved pressure when soft tissue is compressed between a bony prominence and an external surface for a prolonged period.† Factors that influence the development of pressure ulcers include the intensity of the pressure; the length of time the pressure is exerted on the skin; and the ability of the tissue to tolerate the externally applied pressure. Intrinsic factors that put Jithra at risk in developing pressure ulcers consist of advanced age, malnutrition and diabetes mellitus. Extrinsic factors include pressure, shear and moisture Sydney South West (2008). Intervention Although the skin remains intact, the appearance of persistent redness, particularly in sacrum, followed by itchy sensation indicates that stage one pressure ulcer has already developed. Stage one pressure ulcer can be intervened as referred to pressure ulcer intervention guidelines (Jones, 2013) by strictly maintaining the skin integrity. This can be done by relieving the externally applied pressure, protecting fragile skin and bony prominence, preventing friction and shearing and protecting skin from moisture. In relieving the externally applied pressure, a regime of repositioning combined with the use of pressure relieving devices has already been utilised by Jithra’s daughter. However, it might not be enough in terms of the frequency. The frequency of repositioning depends on the ability of the tissue to tolerate the externally applied pressure. In this case, Jithra should move or be repositioned frequently enough in allowing reddened area of affected skin to recover from the effects of pressure. A turn clock may be a helpful reminder of correct body positions and appropriate turning times. Additionally, a 30-degree side lying position may well be utilised for Jithra as it diverts pressure from the sacrum. Maintaining a 30-degree side lying position can simply be done by using pillow or foam positioning wedges. However, lying on the side may increase pressure on extremities, especially knees and ankles. Placing pillows between the legs helps preventing opposing knees and ankles fr om exerting pressure on one another (Maklebust Sieggreen, 2001). In protecting fragile skin and bony prominence, an appropriate support surfaces shall be used and yet its cost has to be taken into consideration. Poverty and debt make it very difficult for Jithra to afford buying or renting them. ‘Charges can range from $24 to purchase a foam overlay to a daily rental fee of $125 for a highly technical therapy bed (Maklebust Sieggreen, 2001, p. 75).’ Regardless of the variations in price, There is no scientific evidence that one support surface consistently works better than any others. Nevertheless, pressure points require protection whether at risk persons are in a bed or on a chair. Using pillows to bridge vulnerable areas, again simple, is an effective way to eliminate pressure. A regime of repositioning, together with the use of pillows has proved to be highly effective in protecting fragile skin and bony prominence. In preventing Jithra from friction and shearing, a family education on how friction and shearing occur and correct usage of manual handling techniques and appropriate equipment shall be provided. Shear is greatest when a caregiver drags an at risk person along the surface of the sheets during repositioning or allows the person to slide from high-fowler’s position. In order to minimise shearing force, the head of the bed shall not be raised exceeding a 30 degree angle, unless the patient is eating. Furthermore, friction, a precursor of shear, is commonly caused by pulling a patient across the bed linen. Rubbing the protective layer of skin away increases the potential for deeper tissue damage. Excessive moisture may be the result of sweating, wound drainage, soaking during bathing and faecal and urinary incontinence. Moist skin is five times as likely to become ulcerated as dry skin. The intervention guidelines suggested that protecting skin from moisture can be done by using continence management systems, using barrier skin cream to prevent skin maceration and keeping the site clean and dry. Living in a hot and humid country like Thailand may put Jithra at a higher risk of developing pressure ulcer due to sweating. Thailand normally has its temperature sitting at around 30 degree Celsius. Two fans, together with the application of baby powder are used in maintaining the dryness of Jithra’s skin. Recommendation According to Jones (2013), it is highly recommended that risk assessments must be done on Jithra by using the Waterlow scale. In doing so, her body mass index is required. The scale will give a score which helps identifying if Jithra is at risk, high risk or very high risk in developing pressure ulcers. Therefore, repositioning regime can be precisely arranged in order to ensure optimum pressure redistribution. Manual handling, together with the use of equipment such as hoists or slide sheets, effectively helps avoiding shear and friction. Education on the use of the mentioned equipment shall also be provided. A dietician shall be involved in discussing knowledge of healthy diet and considering the need for food fortification and nutritional supplements. Make sure that Jithra consumes adequate fibre and well hydrated as she is more prone to constipation due to immobility. Conclusion This can be concluded that the maintenance of skin integrity plays a key role in avoiding the development of pressure ulcers. Being rich or poor might not be the factors in treating and preventing pressure ulcers. This essay has shown how beneficial it is to have carers or family members who strictly put pressure ulcer intervention and prevention guidelines into practice to look after Jithra. The mattress that Jithra lays her body on might not be the best that the family can afford but frequently turning and maintaining dry skin have proved in lowering the risk of developing pressure ulcers. Only stage one pressure ulcer developed though, Jithra has been suffering from disability for 4 years. References Brown, D., Edwards, H. (Eds.). (2012). Lewiss medical-surgical nursing: assessment and management of clinical problems. NSW, Australia: Elsevier Australia. Crosta, P. (2009). What Is Embolism? What Are The Different Types Of Embolism?. Medical News Today. Retrieved from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/153704.php Jones, D. (2013). Pressure ulcer prevention in the community setting. Nursing Standard, 28 (3) 47-55. Retrieved from http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.holmesglen.vic.edu.au/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3sid=87c6951d-c6be-44c5-8985-c35d1918eb04%40sessionmgr4004hid=4207 Maklebust, J., Sieggreen, M. (2001). Pressure Ulcers: Guidelines for Prevention and Management (3rd ed.). Pennsylvania, USA: Springhouse Corporation. ONeill, P. A. (2002). Caring for the Older Adult: A Health Promotion Perspective. Pennsylvania, USA: W.B. Saunders Company. Sander, R. (2013). Prevention and treatment of acute ischaemic stroke. Nursing Older People, 25(8), 34-39. Scott, K., Webb, M., Sorrentino, S., Gorek, B. (Eds.). (2006). Long-term care assisting: Aged care and disability. NSW, Australia: Elsevier Australia. Stroke Foundation. (2014). Types of Stroke. Retrieve from http://strokefoundation.com.au/what-is-a-stroke/types-of-stroke/ Sydney South West Area Health Service. (2007). Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Management. Retrieved fromhttp://www.sswahs.nsw.gov.au/pdf/policy/pd2008008.pdf Watkins, C., Leathley, M. (2010). Setting the scene. In Williams, J., Perry, L., Watkins C. (Eds.), Acute Stroke Nursing (pp.1-16). Retrieved fromhttp://0-onlinelibrary.wiley.com.alpha2.latrobe.edu.au/store/10.1002/9781444318838.ch1/asset/ch1.pdf?v=1t=ht43cw4ls=1791526b00be208b196d718b1c2189904267ad40 World Health Organization. (2014). Stroke, Cerebrovascular Accident. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/topics/cerebrovascular_accident/en/